Step up/down investing switching regulator tutorial

Capacitors marked as type X5R or X7R are recommended. As for most applications, output capacitors with values ranging from 4. An output capacitor with a 22 uF capacitance value was chosen as it is the recommended value that provides an extremely low output voltage ripple and an improved transient response.

For the input capacitor selection, a low ESR capacitor is also required to minimize any input switching noise and reduce the peak current drawn from the battery. As the batteries are renowned for their low noise levels, a capacitor of 10 uF is sufficient for virtually any application. Bearing in mind that the input capacitor DC voltage rating can be as low as 4 V or 6. However, it is recommended to use at least double the DC voltage rating for the output capacitor.

The ceramic capacitors tend to have a DC bias effect, which can significantly lower their capacitance at particular voltages. The inductor value was taken using the following graph, which was provided in the data sheet: Maximum Output Current vs. The selected inductor was a TDK general-purpose inductor, the SLFTMRPF component, which has the capability to handle the required output current, and their cost is low even if you buy them in small quantities. As for the Schottky diode, which is needed to generate the required 5 V output voltage, the ON Semiconductor MBRL component identified in the data sheet recommendations was chosen.

This diode is not that expensive and can be bought for a few cents. We want it to be working when any power source within the acceptable input voltage range is applied. The chosen connectors were the Wurth Electronik Wurth Electronik connector However, you can choose any connectors that you like. There are sockets available for 1, 2, 3, or 4 cells or even more if required , and they each cost a few cents. Battery socket example Below you can see the fully designed LTC boost converter schematic.

For reference, the following design provided by the data sheet was taken: PCB Layout from Datasheet First of all, the component placement was done to ensure a compact PCB design and achieve a small board area, given that this is for a low current application. This helps you see if the design of your current loops can be improved: Manual routing of PCB As a third step, the polygons and planes were added to the design: Top layer of PCB design with polygons added Bottom layer of PCB design with polygons added The Input and Output current loops shown on the PCB design: Finally, the 3D design of the finished compact DC-DC boost converter: Conclusion The design of a boost converter is a new step in these electronics design lessons.

Many devices, especially portable and battery-powered ones, use a boost converter to raise the supply voltage to the level required for the supply to the integrated circuits. Most of the ICs cannot maintain their operations while supplied with just 1. At first sight, it may seem that this is a relatively simple design, but there are still some factors the designer needs to consider.

The market gives the designer the ability to choose from thousands of different boost converters, so choosing the right one may not be straightforward. As you can see, the boost converter topology is also quite different from the buck converter.

The PCB design will also be different. However, fundamentally the considerations are the same; the designer needs to try to make the input and output current loops as short as possible to reduce any EMI radiated from the supply.

As there are many more different switching regulator topologies possible, this one will be the next step in power supply design. You can find the design files for many of my projects released under the open-source MIT license on GitHub. About Author About Author Mark Harris is an engineer's engineer, with over 12 years of diverse experience within the electronics industry, varying from aerospace and defense contracts to small product startups, hobbies and everything in between.

Before moving to the United Kingdom, Mark was employed by one of the largest research organizations in Canada; every day brought a different project or challenge involving electronics, mechanics, and software. A single lithium-polymer cell can run a 3. In typical applications, this regulator can deliver up to 1 A continuous when the input voltage is higher than 3. When the input voltage is lower than 3. The regulator has short-circuit protection, and thermal shutdown prevents damage from overheating; the board does not have reverse-voltage protection.

This regulator is also available with a fixed 5 V output and with a user-adjustable output. Features input voltage: 2. See Typical Efficiency and Output Current section below for details. Take care when handling this product or other components connected to it. The SHDN pin can be driven low under 0. The SHDN pin can be driven high above 1. The input voltage, VIN, should be between 2. Lower inputs can shut down the voltage regulator; higher inputs can destroy the regulator , so you should ensure that noise on your input is not excessive, and you should be wary of destructive LC spikes see below for more information.

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This is a typical step-down switching circuit which is referred to as a non- synchronous or diode-rectifying circuit. Operation of a step-down switching regulator Compares the output voltage with the reference voltage to determine if the former is equal to a set voltage If the output voltage is lower than the set voltage, the switch is turned on, supplying power from the input to the output. In this case, magnetic energy is stored in the inductor The switch turns off when the output voltage exceeds the set voltage The magnetic energy stored in the inductor is supplied to the output load, and it returns to the inductor.

The switch turns on again when the magnetic energy inductor is exhausted and the output voltage declines. The switching waveforms for the actual current and voltage are shown below. In this article, in the way of a review we explained the operation of a basic switching regulator. This chip includes nearly all necessary elements, including a resistor divider. Step-Up regulators When the output voltage is needed greater than input or output voltage has to be opposite polarity to input, then step- switching regulators are used: Looking at the step-up circuit , we can see that inductor current ramps up during the switch-on.

When the switch is off, voltage raises at X point as the inductor attends to maintain a constant current. The diode turns on, and the inductor dumps current into the capacitor. The output voltage can be much larger than the input. In the inverting circuit, during switch conduction, the current linearly increases from X point to ground. When the switch is off, the inductor pulls X point to negative voltage as much as needed to maintain current flow.

The output voltage can be larger or smaller depending on magnitude -defined in feedback. External components are not critical as in circuit. They are manufacturer recommended, but for instance, larger inductance lowers the peak current but increases efficiency. As wee switching regulators are quite handy elements. Power efficiency and lightweight design allow constructing compact design.

For instance, step-up regulators are ideal where relatively high voltage is required, like using fluorescent or plasma technology. DC to Dc converters or switching regulators is handy where battery-operated design is used. For instance, using an alkaline battery of 9V, which voltage actually starts at 9.

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