Ethereum account abstraction

Payment abstraction: Allow different models of payment for transactions. Model Complete abstraction of the account, i. It will, however, result in confusing UX e. We follow, in spirit, the model proposed in EIP for Ethereum, with applicable changes made to accommodate the difference in Starknet and Cairo. The gist of the mechanism is an account contract interface and a definition of its interaction with the Starknet OS and the sequencer node when handling a given transaction and including it in a block.

The proposed interface requires an account contract to implement a validate and execute functions separately, with specific semantics and constraints on their operation. When used by the Starknet OS and sequencer, this allows the sequencer to validate a transaction and get paid for it with minimal risk. Paying for Transactions Paying for transactions is done by a specific token known to the OS.

This is either a native token or some other known ERC20 implementation. The Starknet OS handles payment for transactions under the correct conditions see below. It is not left to the account contract implementation. This allows the OS to guarantee payment and avoid some of the risks to the sequencer executing the transactions. Nonces We see little value in abstracting the nonce itself from the protocol. Also, not guaranteeing a well-defined behavior validation of nonces creates issues with ensuring transaction uniqueness.

Therefore, nonces are defined as part of the contract state and part of the transaction structure and signature and behave similarly to how they are provided in the Ethereum protocol. In other words, transaction nonces are guaranteed to be sequentially increasing. The Starknet OS validates this. A sequencer should limit the number of transactions per account contract it accepts into the pool.

This is to prevent abuse of the pool as a means to DoS the sequencer or otherwise limit the resource usage per account. A Simple Transaction Flow We now describe a basic transaction flow, as depicted in the following diagram: A transaction is sent to an address where an account contract is deployed to be executed and added to a block. Note that the flow above describes the flow involving the OS. The OS is used to generate the proof and provides the necessary guarantees.

Adding Transaction to a Block When a transaction is picked to be added to a block, the sequencer picks it and executes it. The execution of the transaction happens in two stages: the sequencer first asks the account contract to validate the transaction and then asks the account contract to execute it. These two stages are encoded in two separate functions in the account contract - validate and execute. If you send 1 ETH to the account that is controlled by contract of code then, no person controls that any more.

The only thing that can move that ETH is the execution of contract is code itself. Both account forms include the potential to receive, keep and transmit ETH and tokens as well as Communicate with other smart contracts deployed on the network. Account Abstraction proposals Ethereum Account Abstraction AA is an enhancement to make these two forms of accounts more comparable and to make external account management logic as versatile as contract accounts.

The goal is to reduce the contract account from two forms of accounts to one. The functionalities of the single account form include coin and contract transfers. Developer and customer will no longer need to differentiate between the account type, since the transaction will be entirely transferred to the EVM and out of the blockchain protocol.

Ethereum devs have been looking into methods of implementation and still there is no proposal in Final status. In the following section, we will have an overview of three Ethereum Improvement Proposals proposed for Account Abstraction till date.

Timeline of Account Abstraction proposals Vitalik Buterin proposed an idea for initial abstraction changes for Metropolis. The goal was to prepare an account security abstraction. In this model, all accounts are contracts, contracts can pay for gas, and users are free to define their security model.

The goal is to avoid consensus-layer protocol changes instead of relying on higher-layer infrastructure. New Model: All accounts are contracts, contracts can pay for gas, and users are free to define their security model. With an example of forwarding contract, the author Vitalik Buterin explained that this contract verifies the signature, and if it is valid, it initiates a payment to the miner and then sends a call to the specified address with the given value and data.

We can simplify this by combining all participants' signatures into a single ratification transaction, but it still increases complexity as all participants' accounts must have ETH. New Method: With this EIP, the contract will now be able to hold the ETH, submit a transaction with all signatures to the contract directly, and the contract will be able to pay the fees.

New Method: Users can upgrade to ed signatures or any other scheme they wish on their terms; they are not required to adopt ECDSA. EIP Account Abstraction As per simple summary of the proposal , "Account abstraction AA allows a contract to be the top-level account that pays fees and starts transaction execution.

New Model: Account abstraction expands transaction validity conditions through the execution of arbitrary EVM bytecode. Account abstraction is now divided into two categories; Single-Tenant AA: It is intended to support wallets or other use cases with few participants. Changes in Consensus This is a Core proposal requesting changes to the Ethereum client consensus.

Sam Wilson, one of the authors of the proposal explained how an AA transaction differs from a traditional transaction here. In AA transactions, there is no gas price or limit, no value to send, no signature fields, and target in place of to.

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Account abstraction allows you to use the remaining tokens to pay for gas, just like some smart contract wallets. Abstraction brings new possibilities Many networks and applications built on Ethereum need to rely on the relay to publish user transactions on the blockchain and pay for the relay. However, if there are more complex wallets and contracts, we may not need to use relay. If users who need mixed currency can use abstract accounts, TA can use paygas for example The purpose of using the relay to help withdraw money is to reduce the association between the withdrawal address and other users, and also to protect privacy.

This is just one of the effects of abstraction on Ethereum. After the signature verification is transferred to the Ethereum virtual machine, new cryptography tools can be used when signing transactions. Smart wallet functions such as multi signature wallet and social recovery wallet will be at the same level as basic account functions.

How long will it take to achieve abstraction? In fact, there are still disputes about how to achieve account abstraction. However, to be sure, account abstraction is likely to be implemented after phase 0 of Ethereum 2. Keep in mind that anyone can support the development of the Ethereum community.

Therefore, if you want to see the account abstraction as soon as possible, you can participate in the team or publicize it. If you want to learn more about account abstraction, check out the entry on ethhub. New Method: With this EIP, the contract will now be able to hold the ETH, submit a transaction with all signatures to the contract directly, and the contract will be able to pay the fees. New Method: Users can upgrade to ed signatures or any other scheme they wish on their terms; they are not required to adopt ECDSA.

EIP Account Abstraction As per simple summary of the proposal , "Account abstraction AA allows a contract to be the top-level account that pays fees and starts transaction execution. New Model: Account abstraction expands transaction validity conditions through the execution of arbitrary EVM bytecode. Account abstraction is now divided into two categories; Single-Tenant AA: It is intended to support wallets or other use cases with few participants. Changes in Consensus This is a Core proposal requesting changes to the Ethereum client consensus.

Sam Wilson, one of the authors of the proposal explained how an AA transaction differs from a traditional transaction here. In AA transactions, there is no gas price or limit, no value to send, no signature fields, and target in place of to. In the multisig contract, these fields are delivered in the calldata and processed by the contract. If a transaction arrives at a node, the validity of the transaction is checked.

But the checks are different in Traditional transactions and AA transactions. Block Propagation is the average amount of time required for a new block to reach the majority of nodes in the network. When the block with the AA transaction comes, any pending transactions for the same account are dropped.

Traditional transactions, on the other hand, are revalidated and probably published when a new block is received. It is proposed as an ERC and this proposal includes changes to avoid consensus-layer protocol changes instead of relying on higher-layer infrastructure. It aims to accomplish the following goals; Account abstraction: Allowing users to use smart contract wallets which contains arbitrary verification logic instead of EOAs as their primary account.

Decentralization: Allow any bundler to participate in the process of including account-abstracted user activities. Users do not need to know the direct communication addresses of any actors to work with any activity occurring across a public mempool. No Consensus Changes: For faster adoption, this proposal avoids consensus changes. Payment of Transaction Fees: Pay transaction fees using ERC tokens, enable developers to pay fees for their users, and EIPlike sponsored transaction use cases.

How does this work? This is the most recent proposal for account abstraction, waiting to be merged to become an EIP. This design add, maintain and sacrifice some features compared to the regular Ethereum transaction mempool. Key highlights No centralized actors, no user-side wallet setup complexity, Full EIP support, and ability to replace-by-fee, sending a new UserOperation with a significantly higher premium than the old one to replace the operation or get it included faster features are maintained.